Best poker online tips
Focus on understanding your opponents’ tendencies. Pay attention to how often they raise, call, or fold in different situations. For example, if a player consistently folds to aggressive bets on the river, exploit this by bluffing more often in those spots. Tracking these patterns gives you an edge, especially in online poker where physical tells are absent.
Adjust your starting hand selection based on your position at the table. In early positions, stick to stronger hands like pocket pairs or high-suited connectors. As you move closer to the button, widen your range to include more speculative hands. This positional awareness helps you avoid costly mistakes and maximizes your opportunities to win pots.
Manage your bankroll wisely to avoid unnecessary risks. Set limits for each session and stick to them, even if you’re on a winning streak. A common rule is to never risk more than 5% of your bankroll in a single game. This discipline ensures you can handle downswings without jeopardizing your ability to play long-term.
Use software tools to analyze your gameplay and identify leaks. Programs like PokerTracker or Hold’em Manager provide detailed stats on your performance, such as win rates and aggression frequencies. Reviewing these metrics helps you spot weaknesses and refine your strategy over time.
Practice patience and avoid chasing losses. Online poker moves quickly, and it’s easy to make impulsive decisions after a bad beat. Take breaks when needed, and return to the table with a clear mind. Staying calm and focused is key to making better decisions and improving your overall results.
Best Online Poker Tips to Improve Your Game Strategy
Focus on position awareness. Your seat at the table determines the strength of your hand. Play tighter in early positions and expand your range when you’re in late positions. This approach minimizes risks and maximizes opportunities to exploit opponents.
Track your opponents’ tendencies. Use software tools or take notes on how players behave. Identify patterns like frequent bluffs, tight folding, or aggressive betting. Adjust your strategy to counter their habits and gain an edge.
Manage your bankroll wisely. Set limits for each session and stick to them. Avoid chasing losses by playing at stakes that match your skill level. A disciplined bankroll strategy ensures long-term sustainability and reduces emotional decision-making.
Practice hand reading. Dedicate time to analyzing possible hands your opponents might hold based on their actions. Narrow down their range as the hand progresses, and use this information to make better decisions.
Bluff selectively. Bluffing works best when you have a clear read on your opponents and the board texture supports your story. Avoid over-bluffing, as experienced players will catch on and exploit your tendencies.
Study post-flop play. Many players focus on pre-flop strategies but neglect post-flop decisions. Improve your ability to evaluate board textures, pot odds, and opponent behavior after the flop to make more informed moves.
Take breaks regularly. Online poker can be mentally taxing. Step away from the table after long sessions to clear your mind and avoid fatigue-induced mistakes. A fresh perspective often leads to better decision-making.
Understand the Importance of Position at the Table
Your position at the poker table directly impacts your decision-making and potential profitability. Act later in the betting rounds to gain more information about your opponents’ actions, giving you a significant edge.
- Late Position Advantage: Being in the dealer button or close to it allows you to see how others act before making your move. Use this to steal blinds or control the pot size.
- Early Position Caution: When seated in early positions, play tighter ranges. Avoid marginal hands like suited connectors or weak aces unless the table dynamics allow for it.
- Middle Position Flexibility: Adjust your strategy based on the players behind you. If they’re tight, open more hands; if aggressive, tighten your range.
Position also affects bluffing frequency. Bluff more often from late positions, as opponents are less likely to call without strong hands. Conversely, avoid bluffing from early positions, where you lack information and risk facing multiple callers.
- Observe opponents’ tendencies based on their positions. Tight players in early positions often have strong hands, while loose players in late positions may be stealing blinds.
- Adjust your bet sizing based on position. Smaller bets work well in late positions to maximize value, while larger bets in early positions can deter weaker hands.
- Use position to control the flow of the game. If you’re in a late position, consider raising to isolate weaker players or force folds from those in early positions.
Mastering position requires practice. Track your hands and analyze how your decisions change based on where you’re seated. Over time, you’ll develop a sharper sense of when to play aggressively and when to fold.
Master Pre-Flop Hand Selection for Better Decisions
Start by focusing on playing strong hands in early positions and widening your range as you move closer to the button. For example, in early position, stick to premium hands like AA, KK, QQ, AK, and JJ. As you approach the cutoff or button, consider adding suited connectors like 78s or 9Ts, as well as suited aces like A5s or A4s.
Adjust your hand selection based on your opponents’ tendencies. If you’re facing tight players, steal blinds more aggressively with hands like KJo or Q9s. Against loose opponents, tighten up and focus on value hands that can dominate their weaker ranges, such as AQ or AJ.
Pay attention to stack sizes when deciding which hands to play. With deep stacks, prioritize hands that can flop strong draws or nut potential, like suited aces or pocket pairs. Short stacks, on the other hand, require a more straightforward approach–play hands that can win without much post-flop complexity, such as AK or TT+.
Finally, avoid overvaluing marginal hands like KTo or QJo in multi-way pots. These hands often lead to difficult post-flop decisions and can cost you chips. Instead, fold them in early positions and only play them when you’re in late position with fewer opponents.
By refining your pre-flop hand selection, you’ll set yourself up for more profitable and manageable post-flop situations. Practice reviewing your hand histories to identify leaks and adjust your ranges accordingly.
Use Pot Odds to Make Smarter Calls and Folds
Calculate pot odds to determine whether calling a bet is profitable in the long run. Pot odds compare the size of the bet you need to call to the total pot size. For example, if the pot is $100 and your opponent bets $20, your pot odds are 20:100, or 1:5. This means you need to win at least 1 out of 6 times to break even.
Combine pot odds with your hand’s equity to make informed decisions. Equity is the percentage chance your hand has to win by the river. If your hand has 25% equity and the pot odds require you to win 20% of the time, calling is a profitable move. Use tools like equity calculators or practice estimating equity based on outs (cards that improve your hand).
- Count your outs: Multiply your number of outs by 2 to estimate your equity on the turn or by 4 for the river. For example, 9 outs (a flush draw) give you roughly 18% equity on the turn and 36% by the river.
- Compare equity to pot odds: If your equity is higher than the pot odds, calling is mathematically correct. If not, folding is the better choice.
Adjust your strategy based on your opponent’s tendencies. Against aggressive players, consider implied odds–the potential future winnings if you hit your hand. For example, if you’re drawing to a flush and believe your opponent will pay you off on the river, calling becomes more profitable even if current pot odds are marginal.
Practice calculating pot odds in real-time during games. Start with simple scenarios, like facing a single bet, and gradually work on more complex situations, such as multi-way pots or facing multiple bets. Over time, this skill will help you make smarter calls and folds, improving your overall win rate.
Bluff Strategically to Keep Opponents Guessing
Bluffing works best when you base it on your opponents’ tendencies and the story your betting tells. For example, if you’ve been playing tight and suddenly raise on the turn, your opponents are more likely to believe you have a strong hand. Use this to your advantage by picking spots where your actions align with a believable narrative.
Pay attention to how your opponents react to aggression. If they fold too often to big bets, exploit this by bluffing more frequently against them. On the other hand, if they call too much, focus on value betting instead. Adjust your bluffing frequency based on their playing style to maximize your success.
Timing is critical in bluffing. Avoid bluffing too early in a session when players are still observing your style. Instead, wait until you’ve established a tight image. This makes your bluffs more credible and increases the chances of your opponents folding.
Consider the board texture when deciding to bluff. Dry boards with few possible draws are better for bluffing, as your opponents are less likely to have connected with the cards. On coordinated boards, bluffing becomes riskier since players are more likely to call with draws or made hands.
Mix up your bluffing patterns to stay unpredictable. If you only bluff in specific situations, observant opponents will catch on. Randomize your bluffs by occasionally bluffing with weak hands and value betting with strong ones. This keeps your opponents guessing and makes it harder for them to read your strategy.
Finally, always have a backup plan. If your bluff gets called, be prepared to adjust your strategy in future hands. Bluffing is a tool, not a guarantee, so use it wisely and always stay aware of the risks involved.
Pay Attention to Opponents’ Betting Patterns
Observe how your opponents bet in different situations. For example, if a player consistently raises pre-flop but folds to aggression post-flop, they likely have a narrow range of strong hands. Use this information to adjust your strategy and exploit their tendencies.
Take notes on how opponents react to specific board textures. A player who bets big on dry boards but checks on coordinated ones might be overvaluing marginal hands. Identify these patterns and adjust your play accordingly, either by calling more often or applying pressure when they show weakness.
Pay attention to bet sizing. Players who use small bets on the flop and turn but suddenly go all-in on the river often have a polarized range–either very strong hands or complete bluffs. Recognize these patterns to make better decisions when facing their bets.
Watch for timing tells. Quick bets often indicate strength, while hesitation might signal uncertainty or a bluff. Use these cues to gauge the strength of their hand and decide whether to call, raise, or fold.
Finally, adapt your strategy as you gather more information. If an opponent starts adjusting their play, update your notes and refine your approach. Staying observant and flexible will give you a significant edge at the table.
Manage Your Bankroll to Avoid Risky Situations
Set clear limits for your poker sessions and stick to them. Decide how much you’re willing to risk in a single session, and never exceed that amount. A common rule is to allocate no more than 5% of your total bankroll for a single game, ensuring you have enough funds to handle variance and bad runs.
Track your wins and losses consistently. Use a spreadsheet or a poker tracking app to monitor your performance over time. This helps you identify patterns, adjust your strategy, and avoid emotional decisions that could lead to unnecessary risks.
Adjust your stakes based on your bankroll size. If you’re playing with $500, avoid jumping into $5/$10 games where a single hand could wipe out a significant portion of your funds. Instead, opt for lower stakes like $0.25/$0.50 or $1/$2, where you can play comfortably without feeling pressured.
Take breaks after losing streaks. Chasing losses often leads to poor decisions and bigger losses. Step away from the table, reassess your strategy, and return with a clear mind when you’re ready to play your best game.
Diversify your bankroll across different games or formats. If you’re primarily a cash game player, consider setting aside a portion for tournaments or sit-and-gos. This reduces the risk of losing everything in one format and keeps your options open.
Reinvest a portion of your winnings to grow your bankroll. Instead of withdrawing all your profits, allocate a percentage to play higher stakes or enter bigger tournaments. This disciplined approach helps you build a sustainable poker career over time.
Finally, avoid playing under financial stress. If you’re using money meant for bills or essentials, the pressure to win can cloud your judgment. Play only with funds you can afford to lose, ensuring you stay focused and make rational decisions at the table.
Practice Table Selection for Favorable Game Conditions
Choose tables with weaker opponents to maximize your edge. Look for games where players have high VPIP (Voluntarily Put Money In Pot) percentages, as this indicates loose play. Many poker platforms display player stats, so use this data to identify tables with passive or inexperienced players.
Focus on table dynamics. Avoid tables with multiple aggressive players, as they can make it harder to control the pot size and predict outcomes. Instead, seek tables with a mix of tight and loose players, giving you opportunities to exploit their tendencies.
Pay attention to average pot size. Tables with larger pots often indicate more action, which can be profitable if you’re confident in your post-flop skills. However, if you prefer smaller, controlled pots, opt for tables with lower average pot sizes.
Consider the number of players at the table. Full-ring games (9-10 players) require tighter play, while 6-max tables allow for more aggression and wider hand ranges. Choose the format that aligns with your strengths and comfort level.
Use the following table to evaluate table conditions:
| Factor | What to Look For |
|---|---|
| Player Stats | High VPIP (above 30%), low aggression frequency |
| Table Dynamics | Mix of tight and loose players, avoid overly aggressive tables |
| Average Pot Size | Larger pots for action, smaller pots for control |
| Number of Players | Full-ring for tight play, 6-max for aggression |
Regularly reassess your table choice. If the game becomes less profitable or the dynamics shift, don’t hesitate to leave and find a better table. Staying flexible ensures you’re always playing in the most favorable conditions.
Review Your Hands to Identify Mistakes and Improve
After each session, take time to analyze your hand histories. Focus on key moments where you faced tough decisions, such as calling, folding, or raising. Use poker tracking software like Hold’em Manager or PokerTracker to review your stats and spot trends, such as over-folding in certain positions or playing too many hands from early positions.
Pay attention to hands where you lost significant chips. Ask yourself if your decisions were based on solid reasoning or emotional impulses. For example, did you call a large bet with a marginal hand because you felt pressured? Identifying these patterns helps you avoid repeating the same errors.
Compare your play against optimal strategies. If you raised pre-flop with a weak hand and faced aggression, consider whether your starting hand selection aligns with your position and table dynamics. Adjust your approach by tightening your range in early positions and expanding it in late positions when appropriate.
Discuss hands with other players or join a poker study group. Sharing perspectives can reveal blind spots in your strategy. For instance, you might realize that you underestimated an opponent’s range or misread their betting patterns. Collaborative analysis often leads to deeper insights.
Set specific goals based on your reviews. If you notice you’re struggling with post-flop play, dedicate time to studying board textures and pot control techniques. Track your progress over time to ensure you’re making measurable improvements.
Finally, don’t just focus on mistakes–celebrate hands where you made strong decisions. Understanding what worked well reinforces good habits and builds confidence in your strategy. Regularly reviewing your hands ensures you stay sharp and continuously refine your game.
Q&A:
What are the most common mistakes beginners make in online poker?
Beginners often make mistakes like playing too many hands, ignoring position, and failing to manage their bankroll properly. Playing weak hands can lead to unnecessary losses, while not understanding the importance of position can result in poor decision-making. Additionally, poor bankroll management can cause players to go broke quickly, even if they have some skill. To avoid these mistakes, focus on playing strong hands, learn how position affects your strategy, and set clear limits for your bankroll.
How can I improve my bluffing skills in online poker?
Improving your bluffing skills requires understanding your opponents and the context of the game. Start by observing how your opponents play—tight players are harder to bluff, while loose players might call more often. Use bluffs sparingly and in situations where the story you’re telling makes sense. For example, if the board shows potential for a strong hand, your bluff is more likely to succeed. Also, consider your table image; if you’ve been playing tight, your bluffs are more believable. Practice and experience will help you refine this skill over time.
What’s the best way to analyze my online poker hands after playing?
Reviewing your hands is crucial for improvement. Use tracking software like PokerTracker or Hold’em Manager to record your sessions. After playing, go through key hands and ask yourself questions like: Did I make the right decision based on the information I had? Could I have bet more or less? Did I misread my opponent’s range? Discussing hands with other players or joining a poker forum can also provide new perspectives. Over time, this analysis will help you identify patterns in your play and make better decisions in future games.
How do I adjust my strategy when playing against aggressive players?
Against aggressive players, tighten your starting hand range and focus on playing strong hands. These players often bet and raise frequently, so you can trap them by letting them build the pot for you. Be cautious with marginal hands, as they can easily be dominated. Additionally, consider using check-raises or re-raising to put pressure back on them. Observing their tendencies and adapting your play style to exploit their aggression is key to gaining an edge.
What are some tips for staying focused during long online poker sessions?
Staying focused requires discipline and good habits. Take regular breaks to avoid fatigue—set a timer to remind yourself to step away from the screen every hour or so. Avoid distractions by playing in a quiet environment and turning off notifications. Staying hydrated and eating light, healthy snacks can also help maintain your energy levels. Finally, set clear goals for your session, such as a time limit or a specific number of hands, to keep yourself motivated and on track.
What are the most common mistakes beginners make in online poker, and how can I avoid them?
Beginners often make mistakes like playing too many hands, ignoring position, and failing to manage their bankroll properly. To avoid these, focus on playing only strong hands, especially in early positions. Pay attention to your table position—being in a late position gives you more information about opponents’ actions. Lastly, set a budget for your sessions and stick to it to avoid unnecessary losses.
How can I improve my ability to read opponents in online poker?
Reading opponents in online poker requires observing betting patterns, timing, and tendencies. Take notes on how players behave in different situations—do they bluff often? Are they aggressive or passive? Use the chat feature sparingly, as it can reveal information about their mindset. Over time, you’ll start to recognize patterns that can help you make better decisions during hands.
What strategies work best for playing tight-aggressive in online poker?
A tight-aggressive strategy involves playing fewer hands but being assertive when you do. Focus on premium hands like high pairs and strong suited connectors. When you enter a pot, bet and raise confidently to put pressure on opponents. This style works well because it minimizes losses while maximizing gains, especially against players who play too many hands or are overly cautious.
How important is bankroll management in online poker, and what are some good practices?
Bankroll management is critical to long-term success in online poker. A good rule is to have at least 20-30 buy-ins for cash games and 50-100 buy-ins for tournaments. Avoid playing at stakes too high for your bankroll, as this increases the risk of ruin. Track your wins and losses to understand your performance and adjust your strategy accordingly. Staying disciplined with your bankroll helps you handle variance without going broke.
Can you recommend tools or software to help improve my online poker game?
Yes, there are several tools that can help. Tracking software like PokerTracker or Hold’em Manager allows you to analyze your hands and identify leaks in your strategy. Equity calculators such as Equilab help you understand hand probabilities. Some players also use HUDs (Heads-Up Displays) to gather real-time data on opponents. However, always check the rules of the platform you’re playing on, as some tools may be restricted.
What are the most common mistakes beginners make in online poker?
Beginners often make mistakes like playing too many hands, ignoring position, and failing to manage their bankroll properly. Playing weak hands out of position can lead to costly errors, while poor bankroll management can result in losing funds too quickly. To improve, focus on playing fewer hands, understanding table position, and setting limits for your sessions.
How can I improve my bluffing skills in online poker?
Bluffing effectively requires understanding your opponents’ tendencies and the context of the game. Start by observing how often your opponents fold to aggression and use that information to time your bluffs. Avoid bluffing too frequently, as experienced players will catch on. Instead, choose spots where your story makes sense, such as representing strong hands based on the board texture.
What tools or software can help me analyze my online poker game?
There are several tools available to help you analyze your play, such as tracking software like PokerTracker or Hold’em Manager. These programs allow you to review your hands, track your statistics, and identify leaks in your strategy. Additionally, equity calculators like Equilab can help you understand the odds of winning specific hands, which is useful for making better decisions.
How important is table selection in online poker?
Table selection is a key factor in maximizing your profits. Look for tables with weaker players or those who play too many hands. Avoid tables with highly skilled players, as they can exploit your mistakes. Many online platforms allow you to observe tables before joining, so take advantage of this feature to find the most profitable games.
How do I handle tilt and stay focused during long online poker sessions?
Tilt can be a major issue in poker, especially after losing a big hand. To manage tilt, take regular breaks and set clear limits for your sessions. Practice mindfulness techniques to stay calm and focused. If you feel frustrated, step away from the game for a while. Staying disciplined and maintaining a positive mindset will help you make better decisions and avoid costly mistakes.
What are the most common mistakes beginners make in online poker, and how can I avoid them?
Beginners often make mistakes like playing too many hands, overvaluing weak hands, and failing to manage their bankroll properly. To avoid these, focus on playing only strong starting hands, especially in early positions. Learn to fold when the odds are against you, and set strict limits on how much you’re willing to lose in a session. Studying hand rankings and understanding position dynamics can also help you make better decisions.
How can I improve my bluffing skills in online poker without risking too much?
Bluffing effectively requires understanding your opponents’ tendencies and the context of the game. Start by bluffing in situations where your story makes sense—for example, when the board shows potential for strong hands you could have. Use small, calculated bluffs rather than risking large amounts of your stack. Pay attention to how your opponents react to your bets, and adjust your strategy based on their behavior. Practice in low-stakes games to build confidence without significant risk.
What tools or resources can help me analyze my online poker gameplay and improve my strategy?
Several tools can help you analyze your gameplay, such as tracking software like PokerTracker or Hold’em Manager. These programs allow you to review your hands, track your win rates, and identify patterns in your play. Additionally, studying strategy articles, watching training videos, and discussing hands with other players on forums can provide valuable insights. Regularly reviewing your sessions and identifying mistakes will help you refine your strategy over time.
Reviews
Ava Wilson
Focus on understanding odds and position—it’s key. Practice patience; don’t chase hands. Track patterns in opponents’ behavior, but avoid overthinking. Bankroll management is often overlooked but critical. Small adjustments can make a big difference over time. Stay calm, even when it’s frustrating. Consistency beats luck in the long run.
StarlightDreamer
Do you really think memorizing hand rankings is enough to win consistently, or are we all just overestimating the importance of pre-flop play? What’s your take on balancing aggression with patience—do you think it’s overrated or a must-have skill?
Harper Garcia
Hey, love the tips, but quick question: if I bluff so hard my cat starts judging me, does that mean I’m overdoing it or just that my poker face needs work? Asking for a friend who definitely didn’t lose her snack budget last night.
Christopher
Oh, wow, another list of poker tips! Because clearly, what I’ve been missing in my life is more advice on how to lose money slightly slower. Bluff less, fold more, count cards, yada yada. But hey, maybe this time it’ll magically turn me into a poker genius who wins every hand while sipping margaritas in Vegas. Sure, I’ll try to “read my opponents” while they’re probably just staring at their cat videos. Thanks for the tips, though—I’ll definitely use them to lose with *style* next time. Cheers!
Isabella Thompson
Ugh, finally some real talk about poker! I’ve been grinding online for months, and let me tell you, it’s not just about luck. Bluffing? Overrated. The real deal is reading your opponents’ patterns and knowing when to fold. I used to go all-in like a maniac, but now I play tight-aggressive, and it’s a game-changer. Also, bankroll management is everything—don’t chase losses, girl, it’s a trap! And those free tutorials? Gold. Watch them, take notes, and practice. Seriously, if you’re not tracking your stats, you’re just throwing money away. Poker’s a mental sport, and I’m here to win, not just play.
Emily Carter
Oh, please. Another list of “tips” that reads like a recycled manual from 2010. Bluffing, bankroll management, position play—groundbreaking stuff, really. If you’re still preaching about “tight-aggressive” being the holy grail, maybe it’s time to admit you’re stuck in the past. And let’s talk about those vague suggestions like “study your opponents.” Wow, genius. How about specifics? What patterns should I actually look for? What stats matter most in real-time? This feels like someone Googled “poker advice” and slapped together a half-baked guide. If you’re going to claim to improve someone’s strategy, at least bring something fresh to the table. Otherwise, it’s just noise.
GoldenLeaf
Focus on patterns, not luck. Observe opponents’ habits; adapt quietly. Patience sharpens intuition. Small, calculated risks often yield steady gains. Stay calm, think deeply, and let strategy speak louder than emotion.
Andrew
You’re sitting at the table, cards in hand, and the stakes are high. But here’s the thing—your opponents aren’t just playing against you; they’re playing against your mindset. If you’re not sharpening your strategy, you’re already behind. Think about it: every fold, every raise, every bluff is a calculated move. Are you calculating, or are you guessing? The difference between winning and losing isn’t luck—it’s discipline. Study the patterns, exploit the weaknesses, and control the table. If you’re not willing to put in the work, don’t expect the results. The question isn’t whether you can win—it’s whether you’re ready to do what it takes. So, what’s your next move?
Lucas Mitchell
Ah, so you’ve cracked the code to poker greatness, huh? Tell me, oh wise one, when you’re folding pocket aces pre-flop because “the vibes were off,” do you also light a candle to honor your gut feeling? Or is that just reserved for when you bluff all-in with 7-2 offsuit and somehow win? Seriously though, how do you balance the fine line between “calculated risk” and “I’m just here to donate my paycheck”? Asking for a friend.
Harper
Oh, honey, this is cute! A nice little collection of pointers for those just dipping their toes into the poker pool. Sure, some of it feels a bit obvious, like “pay attention to your opponents”—duh! But hey, not everyone’s a natural, right? The bit about bankroll management is sweet, though. Could’ve used more sass or a spicy anecdote, but it’s fine for beginners. Keep it up, darling, but maybe next time, throw in some flair!
LunaFrost
Focus on reading your opponents—watch their patterns and bet sizes. Manage your bankroll wisely; don’t chase losses. Practice patience; wait for strong hands. Study position play; it’s key to making smarter decisions. Stay calm, avoid tilt, and always adapt. Small adjustments can lead to big wins! 💃✨
Joseph
Does luck even care about strategy, or are we just bluffing ourselves?
ShadowDancer
How do you balance the thrill of intuition with the cold logic of strategy when every hand feels like a gamble not just with chips, but with your very soul? Can you truly master the art of reading others through a screen, or does the digital barrier strip away the raw, human connection that makes poker so intoxicating?
VelvetRose
Oh, darling, poker isn’t just about luck—it’s about reading the room, even if that room is virtual. Think of it like hosting a dinner party: you need to know when to serve the main course (your big bets) and when to keep things light with appetizers (those cautious folds). Bluffing? That’s your secret recipe, but don’t over-season it—too much spice ruins the dish. And patience, sweetheart, is your best friend. Let the others tire themselves out while you sip your tea and wait for the perfect moment to strike. Remember, even the fanciest soufflé can collapse if you rush it. So, keep your cards close, your wits closer, and maybe, just maybe, you’ll leave the table feeling like the queen of hearts.